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1.Capacitance : Capacitor is a passive element that can store electric charges.The capacitor is made of two close conductors ( usually plates ) that are separated by dielectric materials.The plates accumulate electric charge when connected to power source.The capacitor sometimes referred to as a condenser.The capacitor is a component which has the ability or "capacity" to store energy in the form of an electrical charge producing a potential difference (static Voltage) across it's plates.                 The property of capacitor to store charge on it's plates in the form of an electrostatic field is called the capacitance of the capacitor. Not only that ,but capacitance is also the property of a capacitor which Capacitance of a capacitor is given by ;                   C= Q/V Where Q = charge stored  V= Potential Difference between two plates. Standard unit of capacitance is F (Farad ). Smaller units of capacitance may be  uF,nF,pF etc. A capacitor consists of  two o

1.   Inductor:  An Inductor is a passive element Which use to store an electric charges flows through it in the form of magnetic field. An Inductor is also called as a Coil or reactor.A basic form of inductor simply made of turning a wire in circular motion. 2. Inductance: It is the property of substance which opposes the electric charges flowing through it . It's a ability of inductor. When a current flows through the inductor, energy gets stored in a magnetic field in the coil . It is indicated by "L" and Its unit is Henry's. 3.Roles of inductance in a circuits i. Inductors are used to block AC while allowing DC to pass ; inductors are designed for this purpose are called chokes.They are also used in electronics filter to separate signal's of different frequencies, and in combination with Capacitors to make tunned circuit,used to tune radio and TV receivers . ii. Inductors are used as a energy storage device in many switched-mode power supplies to produce DC cur

 1. Resistance: Resistance is the tendency of material to oppose the flow of electric charges or current through it. The material Which opposes is called resistor. It is the basic element of any circuit. Metal such as, Silver, Copper and Aluminum are good conductors of electricity and have less resistance . Semiconductors Silicon and Germanium have semiconducting property and have a more resistance than metals. Insulators Such as , wood , rubber polythene etc. Have even less conducting property than semiconductors and have high resistance. Generally in Normal conditions insulators have zero conductivity and having extremely high resistance. Resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length (l) of the conductor and it inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area (A). Hence, resistance of q conductor is given by ;                               R=p(l/A) • R=resistance of conductor. Ohm • P=resistivity of conductor, ohm-meter • L= length of conductor in meter • A=Cros

 Turbine  Turbine is the main equipment in the hydro power plant  that converts energy of falling water into rotating shaft power, means it converts kinetics energy of water into rotating shaft mechanical energy . There are different classification and types of Turbines are available.                   The  proper selection of turbine for hydro-site or hydro power plant depends upon head and flow available. Generally, turbines  are  of two types,  On the basis of action on moving blades ;  1. Impulse turbine  2. eaction turbine. 1. Impulse Turbine This turbine is never immersed in water but operates in air, driven by jet (jets) of water striking the rotor blade. The nozzle of penstock converts head of water from fore-bay tank into high speed jet that hits the turbine runner blades. Thus, turbine starts to rotate.              This type of turbine is cheaper than reaction turbine because there is no need of pressure casing. It is widely used in micro-hydro applications rather than reac

1. ELECTRONIC COMPENENTS      Electronics elements or components that makes up a circuit are connected together by a conductor to form a complete electric circuit .there are two types are as explained below :  1.1. Active component : An active components are those components which use to supply an electric energy to an electric circuit and it also use to oscillate , amplify an electric signal. Some examples of active components are as given below : a) Voltage source  b) Current source c) Generators ( such as alternators & D.C generators) d) All different types of transistor (such as BJT,FET ,JFET, and MOSFET)  1.2. Passive components : A passive components are those electronic components which can only receive an electric energy, which it can either dissipate , absorb or store it in an electric-field , magnetic field. Some passive components are mentioned below ; a) Resistor :  Resistor is a passive elements which use to dissipate an electric energy , power in an e